Ciani AC, Cermelli P, Zanzotto G: Sexually Antagonistic Selection in Human Male Homosexuality. Muscarella F, Elias VA, Szuchman LT: Brain differentiation and preferred partner characteristics in heterosexual and homosexual men and women. Blanchard R, Klassen P: H-Y Antigen and Homosexuality in Men Journal of Theoretical Biology 1997, 185(3):373-378. Blanchard R, Bogaert AF: Proportion of homosexual men who owe their sexual orientation to fraternal birth order: An estimate based on two national probability samples. Swaab DF, Gooren LJ, Hofman MA: Brain research, gender and sexual orientation. Byne W, Tobet S, Mattiace LA, Lasco MS, Kemether E, Edgar MA, Morgello S, Buchsbaum MS, Jones LB: The Interstitial Nuclei of the Human Anterior Hypothalamus: An Investigation of Variation with Sex, Sexual Orientation, and HIV Status Hormones and Behavior 2001, 40(2):86-92. Levay S, Hammer DH: Evidence for a biological influence in male homosexuality. Gooren L: The biology of human psychosexual differentiation. Hackensack, NJ London: World Scientific Publishing Co. American Journal of Transplantation 2005, 5:1495-1502. Koopmans M, Hovinga ICLK, Baelde HJ, Fernandes RJ, Heer Ed, Bruijn JA, Bajema IM: Chimerism in Kidneys, Livers and Hearts of Normal Women: Implications for Transplantation Studies. Boklage CE: Embryogenesis of chimeras, twins and anterior midline asymmetries. Yang X, Foote RH: Production of chimeric rabbits from morulae by a simple procedure. Nagy A, Gertsenstein M, Vintersten K, Behringer R: Manipulating the Mouse Embryo: A Laboratory Manual: Cold Spring Harbor Press 2003. Tam PPL, Rossant J: Mouse embryonic chimeras: tools for studying mammalian development. McLaren A: Mammalian Chimeras: Cambridge University Press 1976. Nakamura Y, Tsuji M, Araia S, Ishihara C: A method for rapid and complete substitution of the circulating erythrocytes in SCID mice with bovine erythrocytes and use of the substituted mice for bovine hemoprotozoa infections. Owen RD: Immunogenetic Consequences of Vascular Anastomoses Between Bovine Twins. American Journal of Medical Genetics Part A 1998, 61(3):264-268. Dijk BAv, Boomsma DI, Man AJMd: Blood group chimerism in human multiple births is not rare. Srivatsa B, Srivatsa S, Johnson KL, Bianchi DW: Maternal cell microchimerism in newborn tissues. European journal of obstetrics, gynecology and reproductive biology 2000, 92(1):103-108. Bianchi DW: Fetal cells in the mother: from genetic diagnosis to diseases associated with fetal cell microchimerism. Bianchi DW, Zickwolf GK, Weil GJ, Sylvester S, DeMaria MA: Male fetal progenitor cells persist in maternal blood for as long as 27 years postpartum. Strain L, Dean JCS, Hamilton MPR, Bonthron DT: A True Hermaphrodite Chimera Resulting from Embryo Amalgamation after in Vitro Fertilization. Verp MS, Harrison HH, Ober C, Oliveri D, Amarose AP, Lindgren V, Talerman A: Chimerism as the etiology of a 46,XX/46,XY fertile true hermaphrodite. I describe experiments to further clarify this hypothesis, which can also have potential benefit beyond this specific question. From this, the existence of human macrochimeras in which large proportions of cells are male and female is predicted to have a correlation with homosexuality and transgender self-identification because in many such cases, the central nervous system, or crucial parts of it, will be of one sex and the gonads and body form will be of the opposite sex. The literature also suggests that the sex of nervous system tissue is the primary determinant in higher animals of sexual attraction. Chimerism occurs in a patchy manner, with male cells outgrowing female in macrochimerism causing the majority to be phenotypically male. The literature reviewed in this paper suggests that such macrochimerism is much more common than usually appreciated. In addition to the documented occurrence of dual gender macrochimeras with true hermaphrodite phenotype, there are reports of the occurrence of other natural human macrochimeras. Chimerism has been believed to be rare because it usually presents without visible phenotype. I present literature evidence that suggests that human chimerism may be quite common, occurring in between 5% and 15% of people.
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